Topics Below:
A) Urea: Indian Agricultural Problem and How to Solve It with Urine...
B) Urine Makes Urea Fertilizer...
The country demands 3.05 crore tonnes of urea annually. Our average annual domestic production is 2.26 crore tonnes. The remaining 80 lakh tonnes or so is met through import.
It was not an isolated incident. For farmers in Bihar, UP,
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and other wheat-growing regions, this winter is like
the last few winters-the chill getting frostier inthe face of a shortage of
urea, the nitrogen-rich fertiliser that means make or break for the rabi crop
for most modest farmers. Like the last few years, the season has thus far meant
farmers waiting at government-run fertiliser distribution outlets for
hours-sometimes from midnight to dawn-and often being told no urea would be
distributed that day.
Returning home from Gairaha Inter College that day, a miffed
Shiv Narayan Singh Parihaar, the president of the Bhartiya Kisan Union in
Bundelkhand, says there are scores of voices to save religion, water, power and
the like, but not many to look after the fate of farmers in India. "If
urea supply does not improve soon, farmers will be finished. Or they will lose
patience," he adds, indicating trouble in store for the local
administration unless authorities act soon.
So, what would the implications be? Although the United
Nations's Food and Agriculture Organization estimated the value of fertiliser
applied at below 10 per cent of the gross value of crop produced in a 2011
paper, experts say any unusual rise in urea prices would affect production, and
thereby prices of farm produce. That would mean a bigger hole in the wallet.
The problem is simple enough-a yawning demand-supply gap-and the
solution is just that arduous to figure out. And unless something sweepingly
drastic takes place, there isn't any in the foreseeable future. Union Minister
of Chemicals and Fertilisers, Ananth
Kumar, spread out the whole nine yards of the problem: "The
country demands 3.05 crore tonnes of urea annually. Our average annual domestic
production is 2.26 crore tonnes. The remaining 80 lakh tonnes or so is met
through import."
But even import of urea, the government's own data reveals, has
gone down of late-by as much as 34 per cent on a year-on-year basis in
April-October 2014. Making it a double whammy for farmers, four big fertiliser
manufacturing units stopped operations in 2014, curtailing output further.
Since 1990, as many as 13 units have either shut down or ceased operation.
What makes urea a lifesaver for Indian farmers is its extremely low
price, as it is regulated by the government. The maximum retail price of a tonne
of urea is Rs 5,360. In contrast, the MRP of ammonium phosphate sulphate
20:20:0:13 was Rs 23,124 per tonne and that of nitrogen phosphate potash
10:26:26:0 Rs 22,780, according to the Department of Fertilisers' October 2014
bulletin. This price difference also means a large part of the domestically
produced urea is smuggled out to neighbouring countries, where it costs much
more. With 75 per cent of the fertiliser subsidy going towards keeping urea
prices below-par, rates of urea have remained static for the last 12 years.
"The subsidy on DAP (diammonium phosphate) and some other fertilisers is
comparatively less, and thus farmers are not interested in them," says
Satish Chandra, director general, Fertiliser Association of India.
Overuse of urea has also meant an adverse effect on soil.
"Our larger concern is to sustain productive capacity and retain land
nutrients. Thus, organic and chemical fertilisers should be used in a balanced
way," says U.S. Awasthi, CEO and managing director of IFFCO, India's biggest
fertiliser manufacturing cooperative society. Removing the subsidy, though, is
a political hot potato. Both the previous UPA government and the present NDA
regime have shied away, after initially declaring a cut.
While some experts and officials are seeking price deregulation
for urea, Chandra says the government should pay the subsidy directly to the
farmer-making a farmer buy urea at market price and transferring the subsidy
amount subsequently to his/her Aadhaar-linked bank account. This initiative, says
Chandra, would help curb the black market and urea smugglers.
Talking about an immediate solution, Madhya Pradesh Chief
Minister Shivraj
Singh Chouhantold India Today, "I met Union minister Ananth
Kumar and asked him to allot 134 (railway) rakes of urea over the quota of 120
rakes." Besides, cooperative societies are now selling more urea, he said.
Kumar says the issue is getting attention even from Narendra
Modi, who had discussed it with him soon after taking over as prime
minister. "The most important point of his guidelines was to achieve
self-sufficiency. We will revive the closed plants. For this we need pipeline
grids, and Arun
Jaitley has provided
Rs 10,000 crore for laying gas pipelines." India, Kumar stresses, will
attain self-sufficiency in the next five-six years and become a fertiliser
exporter over the next 10 years. He says a shortfall of two lakh tonne would be
met through neem-coated urea, which was launched recently, while two lakh tonne
would be got by enhancing capacity of existing plants. Another six lakh tonne
would be provided by reviving the five plants that shut down in the last few
years-in Gorakhpur (Uttar Pradesh), Sindhri (Jharkhand), Barauni (Bihar),
Talchar (Odisha) and Ramanujam (Tamil Nadu).
B) Urine Makes Urea Fertilizer...
Urea Fertilizer is the Product of Urine:
Urea Fertilizer is the Product of Urine:
Sources of Urine in India:
1) Public Toilets
2) Hotels & Lodges Toilets
4) Shopping Malls Toilets
5) Parks Toilets
6) Bus Station Toilets
7) Train Station Toilets
8) Airports Toilets
9) Complexes Toilets
10) Government & Private Departments Toilets
11) Schools Toilets
12) Colleges Toilets
13) Masjid Toilets
14) Home Toilets etc...
- Above Are the Best Sources of Urea and Fertilizers for Indian Agricultural Sector.
- Instead of investing 5000 crore in Iran for Urea Government Should Start any Scheme in its own Country and Invest Crores of Rupees to Produce Urea with Urine in India
- If India Start Manufacturing Urea with Urine. Only India Can Make More than 3.5 Crore Ton Urea in India (Nearly 10 Crore Ton Urea) and Even could Export to Other Countries.
- Government should Start Urea Industries in Districts near Cities for Urine Inlets from Cities and Towns.
Rajya Sabha Budget for Urea in India:
SETTING UP OF A UREA PLANT IN IRAN
Date:
24-Apr-2015
Session Type:
Budget Session
Assembly Type:
Rajya Sabha
Question Type:
Starred
Question in Details:
Will the Minister of CHEMICALS AND FERTILIZERS be pleased to state: (a) whether Government plans to set up a Urea plant in Iran, if so, the details thereof; and (b) by when the proposed plant is likely to start manufacturing various soil nutrients?
MINISTER OF CHEMICALS AND FERILIZERS
(SHRI ANANTH KUMAR)
(a) to (b): A statement is laid on the Table of the House.
(2)
STATEMENT REFERRED TO IN REPLY TO PART (a) TO (b) OF THE RAJYA SABHA STARRED QUESTION NO. 22* TO BE ANSWERED ON 24.04.2015 REGARDING “SETTING UP OF A UREA PLANT IN IRAN”
(a) to (b): Yes Sir. In order to ensure long term availability of Urea in the country, the Governments is facilitating setting up of a Urea/Ammonia Joint Venture Project in Iran with capacity to produce 1.3 Million MT Urea for import to India. A consortium of Indian Companies viz. Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd (RCF), Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd (GSFC) and Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd (GNFC) has appointed SBI Caps for advisory and due diligence services to identify a prospective Iranian JV partner in the project. The project is in consultation stage to identify an Iranian JV partner.
News on Urea: India revives plans for urea plant in Iran; investing Rs 5,000 crore...
PTI Mar 10, 2015, 08.22PM IST
In a written reply to Lok Sabha, Minister of State for Fertilisers Hansraj Gangaram Ahir said, "The Government has revived its plan to set up a fertilizer plants in Iran. The proposal is to set up a Urea/Ammonia JV Project in Iran with capacity to produce 1.3 MT Urea for import to India."
According to sources, India is planning to set up a urea joint venture plant at Chahbahar in Iran, using natural gas as feedstock which is abundant in the country, with an estimated investment of Rs 5,000 crore.
Advantages:
1) Can Save Crores of Indian Rupees.
2) Generating Lacks of Employments in Fertilizer Industries.
3) Employment Reduce Crime.
4) Proper Use of Waste.
5) Awareness of Waste Knowledge.
6) Protect from Drainage Dangerous Diseases.
7) Eco Friendly Healthy Environment.
8) No Farmer Suicides.
9) No More Policy for Fertilizer.
10) No Political Fight for Fertilizer.
"Health Bhi, Wealth Bhi"
3) Employment Reduce Crime.
4) Proper Use of Waste.
5) Awareness of Waste Knowledge.
6) Protect from Drainage Dangerous Diseases.
7) Eco Friendly Healthy Environment.
8) No Farmer Suicides.
9) No More Policy for Fertilizer.
10) No Political Fight for Fertilizer.
"Health Bhi, Wealth Bhi"
Urine is a liquid by-product of the
body secreted by the kidneys through a process
called urination and excreted through the urethra.
Cellular
metabolism generates numerous by-products, many rich in nitrogen, that require clearance from the bloodstream.
These by-products are eventually expelled from the body during urination, the
primary method for excreting water-soluble chemicals from the body. These
chemicals can be detected and analyzed by urinalysis.
Urine
is principally water. It also contains an assortment of inorganic salts and
organic compounds, including proteins, hormones, and a wide range of
metabolites, varying by what is introduced into the body.
Characteristics:
CONSTITUENTS:
Humans
on average excrete 1.4 L of urine per person per day, at a pH of about 6.2 with
a 91-96% of the total being water. The total solids in urine are on average 59
g per person per day. Organic material makes up 65-85% of the dry solids with
volatile solids making up 75-85% of the total solids. Urea is the largest
constituent of the solids, constituting more than 50% of the total. On an
elemental level, human urine contains 6.87 g/L carbon, 8.12 g/L nitrogen, 8.25
g/L oxygen, and 1.51 g/L hydrogen. The exact proportions vary with individuals
and with factors such as diet and health.
VOLUME:
Average
urine production in adult humans is normally in the range of 0.6 to 2.6 L per
person per day, produced in around 6 to 8 urinations per day depending on state
of hydration, activity level, environmental factors, weight, and the
individual's health.[2] Producing too much or too
little urine needs medical attention. Polyuria is a condition of excessive
production of urine (> 2.5 L/day), oliguria when < 400 mL are
produced, and anuria one
of < 100 mL per day.
Urine in Drainage is Waste Material and Source
of Diseases but as a Chemical it is very useful:
Uses of Urine:
1. Use it in compost and fertilizer: Manure is well known as a fertilizer, but it turns out that
there are uses for urine in gardening, too. Urine contains loads of nitrogen,
which is crucial for plants and usually a main component of commercial
fertilizers. After observing local farmers who frequently peed on their crops
and conducting a study published in Scientia
Horticulturae, researchers in Nepal found that pepper plants grown in soil
containing a mix of human urine and compost grew the tallest and yielded the
most peppers. And researchers in
Finland found that tomato plants fertilized with
urine and wood ash yielded almost four times the number of tomatoes of those
that weren’t fertilized.
2. Make gunpowder: Before potassium nitrate or saltpeter—which is a main
component of gunpowder along with charcoal and sulfur—began to be produced on a
large scale in the 20th century, gunpowder makers would make it out of pee,
which contains nitrogen and ammonia. The reaction of the ammonia with oxygen
forms nitrates. When combined with manure, leaves, and potassium-containing
ash, as described by physician and geologist Joseph LeConte in 1862,
BOOM!—you’ve got potassium nitrate.
3. Fix fabric dye: Remember how you used to tie-dye white t-shirts at camp?
Nowadays, tie-dye kits use special chemicals, but in the past, plant-based dyes
were fixed into the fabric using a mordant so the dye wouldn’t run. Because of
its high level of ammonia, one of the most popular mordants was stale urine.
Families would leave chamber pots out to collect urine for dyeing. At one point
the demand for urine in 16th-century England was so high that
textile-manufacturing towns, like those along the Yorkshire Coast, would import
it from big cities like London and Newcastle.
4. You can get your laundry clean: Next time you are cleaning, check the label
of the cleaning product of your choice. Ammonia is a prominent ingredient in
many household cleaners as it is is a powerful cleansing agent and helps fight
dirt and grease. Ammonia is also found in urine and the early Europeans often
preferred pee to soap when cleaning their homes. In ancient Rome, vessels were
placed on streets as urine collectors. After the buckets were full from people
passing by to relieve themselves, the vats were taken to a laundry and used to
wash dirty clothes. We'll stick to soap.
5. Sterilize wounds: If produced by healthy kidneys, urine—which contains no
living organisms—is sterile. It may, however, become contaminated on its way
out of the body. For this reason and given the lack of safer cleaning
substances, Henry VIII’s surgeon, Thomas Vicary, was said to recommend that
battle wounds be cleaned and treated with urine.
a)
Oral intake of freshly
voided morning urine has been recommended for many diseases such as viral or
bacterial infections. Symptoms reported during the first days of oral intake of
urine include nausea, vomiting, headache, palpitations, diarrhea or fever. Several
substances in the urine are believed to be important for oral intake such as
urea, uric acid, cytokines, hormones or urokinase. Local urine therapies
include embrocations, compresses for local tumors, whole body bath or foot bath
in the urine, use of urine as eye drops, ear drops or nose drops and the use of
urine for wound cleaning.
6. Treat skin conditions: Despite what we typically think, urine is not a waste
product—in fact, it is about 95-98% water, with the remainder forming a
combination of hormones, minerals, and salt. If you’re not too squeamish, you
can treat acne, eczema, and psoriasis by dabbing on a little urine using a
clean, damp towel and leaving it on for a few minutes before rinsing it off. Be
sure to collect the urine using the “clean-catch method,” that is, beginning to
urinate and collecting it mid-stream. Morning urine is thought to be best for
face treatments because the hormones become more concentrated overnight.
7.
Treat infertility: Women who don’t respond to fertility treatments using the drug
clomiphene to stimulate the release of hormones often then undergo injections
of gonadotropins—hormones that stimulate the ovaries to produce egg-containing
follicles. Gonadotropins are typically produced in a lab, but they can also be
extracted from purified urine.
8. Turn it into drinking water: They say necessity is the mother of innovation, so it’s no
surprise that the folks at NASA, who have to deal with the challenges of outer
space travel, created the forward
osmosis bag (FOB) system, which turns wastewater, like urine and gray
water, into water that is safe to drink. Cheers!
9. Source of medications: Urine contains proteins and other
substances that are useful for medical therapy and are ingredients in many
prescription drugs (e.g., Ureacin, Urecholine, Urowave). Urine from postmenopausal women is rich in gonadotropinsthat can yield follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone for fertility therapy. One such commercial product is Pergonal. Urine
from pregnant women contains enough human chorionic gonadotropins for commercial extraction and purification to
produce hCG medication. Pregnant mare urine is the source of estrogens, namely Premarin. Urine also contains antibodies, which can be
used in diagnostic antibody tests for a range of pathogens, including HIV-1.
10.
Tanning:
Tanners soaked animal skins in urine
to remove hair fibers—a necessary step in the preparation of leather.
11.
Today
one of the most important uses of urine would be to recover the phosphorus. We explained how to do that here. Really,
given how valuable the stuff is, perhaps it is time to stop throwing it away.
UREA:
Urea or carbamide is an organic compound with the chemical formulaCO(NH2)2.
The molecule has two —NH2 groups joined by a carbonyl (C=O)functional group.
Urea
serves an important role in the metabolism of
nitrogen-containing compounds by animals and is the main nitrogen-containing
substance in the urine of mammals. It is a
colorless, odorless solid, highly soluble in water and practically non-toxic (LD50 is 15 g/kg for rats).
Dissolved in water, it is neither acidic nor alkaline. The body
uses it in many processes, the most notable one being nitrogen excretion. Urea
is widely used in fertilizers as a convenient
source of nitrogen. Urea is also an important raw material for the chemical industry.
Technology review of urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) ::SCHEME::
Overview on design, management, maintenance
and costs
This technology review deals with a type of toilet designed
specifically for dry excreta management called the urine-diverting dry toilet
(UDDT). It is a sanitation system for households and public facilities as well.
The functional design elements of the UDDT are: source separation of urine and
faeces; waterless operation; and ventilated vaults or containers for faeces
storage and treatment. UDDTs may be constructed with two adjacent dehydration
vaults or one single vault with interchangeable containers.
This
publication offers a complete overview of UDDT functions, design
considerations, common operation and maintenance issues and generalised
installation costs. Its focus is on applications in developing countries and
countries in transition, although UDDTs are also applicable in developed
countries.
The UDDT
technology was originally promoted in connection with safe reuse of excreta.
However, the primary focus of UDDT implementation has gradually shifted from
that of excreta reuse to the broader objective of creating an odourless, dry
and versatile toilet that is applicable across wide range of geographic and
economic contexts. Many successful examples of large-scale UDDT programmes,
such as those found in Lima, Peru and eThekwini (Durban), South Africa, dispose
of treated excreta instead of reusing it, as it is considered more practical,
convenient or acceptable to the users.
The
primary advantage of UDDTs, as compared to conventional dry latrines like
ventilated improved pits (VIP) latrines, is the conversion of faeces into a dry
and odourless material. This leads to an odour and insect free toilet which is
appreciated by users and to the simple removal and less offensive and safer
handling of the faecal material once the toilet has filled up. Moreover the
risk of water pollution is minimised through the safe containment of faces in
aboveground vaults which also allows the toilets to be constructed in locations
where pit-based systems are not appropriate. The faeces are however not
entirely sanitised when removed from the toilet, so precautious handling is
obligatory. In scenarios with reuse of excreta in agriculture, a post-treatment
of faecal matter and storage of urine is advisable to ensure adequate
sanitisation.
This publication provides comprehensive design guidelines for
all functional UDDT components, including urine diversion (UD) pedestals,
benches and squatting pans, dehydration vaults, single vaults with
interchangeable containers, and urine piping and storage systems. Possible
design modifications are discussed to ensure the toilet’s suitability for small
children, the elderly and persons with disabilities. Additionally, all relevant
aspects of excreta management are described including treatment, disposal,
reuse and maintaining hygienic quality standards.
Emphasis
is placed on recent technical innovations that allow the UDDT to be integrated
in a wider range of applications. The bench design, a sitting type of UD
interface that minimises the need for stairs leading up to the toilet, is
presented as a possible solution for indoor installations and means of
providing barrier-free access. Other designs are presented for a variety of
contexts, including indoor and outdoor installations, schools and public toilet
blocks, flood prone areas and floating villages.
This
technology review also describes common O&M problems, such as blockages in
urine piping systems, wet conditions in the dehydration vaults and faulty
construction. Possible fixes and preventative maintenance routines are
emphasised as a means of ensuring the toilet’s sustainability.
This
publication challenges the common perception that UDDT installation costs are
prohibitive for the poorest members of society. A number of low-cost UDDT
designs are available that take advantage of locally available construction
materials and can help tailor the toilet technology to available budgets.
Link for PDF file: http://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/2-874-technology-review-of-uddts-18-june-2013.pdf
One more interesting pdf file: http://www.wecf.eu/download/2009/08-09-25WECF_ConstructionUDDT.pdf
Urine, 95% of which is water, 2.5% of which is urea, and 2.5% of which is a mixture of minerals, salts, hormones, and enzymes, is not a toxic waste product. Urine is a blood byproduct and though it contains some body waste, it is non-toxic. In 1975, Dr. A.H. Free, published his book Urinalysis in Clinical Laboratory Practice, in which he presents a few critical nutrients found in urine:
Alkaline, total ..... 38 mg/day
Arginine, total ..... 32 mg/day
Ascorbic acid ..... 30 mg/day
Allantoin ..... 12 mg/day
Amino acids, total ..... 2.1 g/day
Bicarbonate ..... 140 mg/day
Biotin ..... 35 mg/day
Calcium ..... 23 mg/day
Creatinine ..... 1.4 mg/day
Cystine ..... 120 mg/day
Dopamine ..... 0.40 mg/day
Epinephrine ..... 0.01 mg/day
Folic acid ..... 4 mg/day
Glucose ..... 100 mg/day
Glutamic acid ..... 308 mg/day
Glycine ..... 455 mg/day
Inositol ..... 14 mg/day
Iodine ..... 0.25 mg/day
Iron ..... 0.5 mg/day
Lysine, total ..... 56 mg/day
Magnesium ..... 100 mg/day
Manganese ..... 0.5 mg/day
Methionine, total ..... 10 mg/day
Nitrogen, total ..... 15 g/day
Ornithine ..... 10 mg/day
Pantothenic acid ..... 3 mg/day
Phenylalanine ..... 21 mg/day
Phosphorus, organic .....9 mg/day
Potassium ..... 2.5 mg/day
Proteins, total ..... 5 mg/day
Riboflavin ..... 0.9 mg/day
Tryptophan, total ..... 28 mg/day
Tyrosine, total ..... 50 mg/day
Urea ..... 24.5 mg/day
Vitamin B6 ..... 100 mg/day
Vitamin B12 ..... 0.03 mg/day
Zinc ..... 1.4 mg/day
(http://www.all-natural.com/urine.html)
The following are the average quantities of various substances, in 100 milliliters of urine as reported in Introduction to Biochemistry by Dr. Pharon:
Substance Milligrams
1] Urea nitrogen
682.00
2] Urea
1459.00
3] Creatinin nitrogen
36.00
4] Creatinin
97.20
5] Uric acid nitrogen
12.30
6] Uric acid
36.90
7] Amino nitrogen
9.70
8] Ammonia nitrogen
57.00
9] Sodium
212.00
10] Potassium
137.00
11] Calcium
19.50
12] Magnesium
11.30
13] Chloride
314.00
14] Total sulphate
91.00
15] Inorganic sulphate
83.00
16] Inorganic phosphate
127.00
17] N/10 acid
27.80
Some other important urine constituents are:
Enzymes’
Amylase (diastase).
Lactic dehydrogenate (L. D. H.).
Leucine amino-peptidase (L. A. P.).
Urokinase.
Hormones’
Catechol amines.
Hydroxy-steroids.
17-Catosteroids.
Erythropoietine.
Adenylate cyclase.
Prostaglandin's.
Sex hormones.
(http://www.hps-online.com/hurine3.htm)
